Sour Service * Okukozesebwa okw'enjawulo

Amakulu g’obuweereza obukaawamu kugula payipu si "H2S eriwo" yokka. Kitegeeza okugatta...Puleesa y’ekitundu kya H2S, ebbugumu, pH, ne kloridiasobola okuvuga haidrojeni mu kyuma n’asitulaSSC/HIC, kale amateeka g’ekkubo ly’ebintu n’okukkiriza galina okugoberera omutindo gw’obuweereza obukaawa- okusinga enkola ya payipu ya layini eya bulijjo.

Eky'okulabirako:Lipoota y’amazzi eraga1,000 ppm H2Sasobola okulabika "ow'ekigero," naye ku100 ebbaalatotal pressure kivvuunulwa~0.1 bbaala ppH2S, nga kino kya maanyi ekimala abaddukanya bangi okunyweza ebyetaago ku kufuga obukaluba n’okutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebikaawa. Okwawukanako n’ekyo, 1,000 ppm ze zimu ku10 ebbaalaye yokka~0.01 ebbaala ppH2S, ebiseera ebisinga ekivaako okusalawo okw’enjawulo ennyo ku kugula.
Eno y’ensonga lwaki okulonda empeereza enkaawa-kutera okuvugibwa...lipoota ya kemiko w’amazzin’omutindo ogufuga (mu ngeri eya bulijjoNACE MR0175 / ISO 15156. Enkola y’okukozesa enkola ya NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156)-era lwaki Octal Pipe etera okusaba envulopu y’obuweereza (ppH2S / pH / ebbugumu) nga tennakakasa kipapula kya bintu bya payipu y’obuweereza ebikaawa-.

Mu makolero g’amafuta & ggaasi, eddagala ly’amafuta, ebweru w’ennyanja, n’aga waggulu-puleesa/ebbugumu-ya waggulu (HPHT), okukozesa empeereza enkaawa kwetaaga ebisaanyizo ebikakali ku kyuma grade, eddagala, okulongoosa ebbugumu, omutindo gw’okuweta, okusiiga, n’okugumiikiriza ebipimo. Awatali kufuga bulungi, embeera enkaawa ziyinza okukosa ennyo obulungi bwa payipu, obukuumi, n’obulamu bw’emirimu.

Octal Pipe egaba payipu za layini ya sour service ne special application line ezituukana n’omutindo n’ebbaluwa ezikulembedde mu nsi yonna.

Empeereza enkaawa H2S ppmkye kiraga okussa ebirowoozo ku kintu ekimu, nayetekitegeeza buzibu bwa sour ku bwakyo. Ebisaanyizo by’ebintu by’obuweereza ebisinga ebikaawa-bivugibwaPuleesa ya H2S ey’ekitundu (ppH2S) .kubanga akabi k’okukutuka kafugibwaamaanyi agavuga okuyingira kwa haidrojeni, ekyeyongera nga puleesa ekitundu. Mu ngeri ya yinginiya, ppH2S erina okwekenneenyezebwa awamu nepH, chlorides, ebbugumu, n’okubeerawo kw’omutendera gw’amazzi, kubanga parameters zino zikwata nnyo SSC/HIC susceptibility.

Enkyukakyuka entuufu ey’okukebera ggaasi-phase eri nti:

ppH2S=(ekitundu kya molekyu ya H2S) × (puleesa entuufu yonna) .

• Ku bitonde bya ggaasi, .ekitundu kya molekyu ≈ ppm / 1,000,000(omusingi gwa ppmv).
• Omugasookunyigirizibwa okutuukiridde(si gage).
• Ebiwandiiko by’ekitundu:1 ebbaala=100 kPa; 1 psi ≈ 6.895 kPa.

Ebyokulabirako ebikoleddwa (ppm y’emu, obuzibu obw’enjawulo):

• 1,000 ppm=0.001.. Ku100 ebbaalapuleesa yonna: ppH2S=0.001 × 100 =0.1 ebbaala.
• Kye kimu1,000 ppmku10 ebbaalapuleesa yonna: ppH2S=0.001 × 10 =0.01 ebbaala.
• Newankubadde ppm y’emu, omusango ogwokubiri gulina10× ppH2S eya wansi, ekitera okuvaako ebyetaago eby’enjawulo eby’ebintu/okugezesa mu bikwata ku pulojekiti.

Lwaki kino kikulu ku kugula payipu:

Nga ppH2S yeeyongera, pulojekiti zitera okunyweza okufuga ku bintu ebivuga ebiva mu SSC/HIC-ebiseera ebisingaekkomo ku bugumu (naddala weld/HAZ), obuyonjo bw’ekyuma/okufuga okuyingiza, n’obuwanvu obwetaagisa obw’ebisaanyizo/okugezesa ebikaawa (HIC/SSC bwe kirambikiddwa). Eno y'ensonga lwaki ekiragiro ky'okugula ekigamba nti "H2S=X ppm" yokka kitera obutamala kumaliriza kipapula ky'ebintu bya payipu y'obuweereza ebikaawa-. Mu nkola, H2S (ppmv oba mol%), .puleesa y’emirimu yonna, ebbugumu,pH, chlorides, n’okumanya oba ekitundu ky’amazzi eky’eddembe kiriwo. Nga tulina bino, ppH2S esobola okuteekebwawo era ekkubo ly’ebintu (n’ebiwandiiko/okugezesa ebyetaagisa) liyinza okuteekebwawo obutakyukakyuka.Octal Pipe etera okusaba envulopu y’obuweereza (ppH2S, pH, ebbugumu, chlorides, n’omutendera gw’amazzi) okusooka, olwo n’ekwataganya ekkubo ly’ebintu n’obuwanvu bw’ebiwandiiko n’omutindo ogufuga pulojekiti esobole okulongoosa okwekenneenya okw’ekikugu awatali kulwawo-stage rework.

Ebyetaago by’ebintu ebikaawa eby’obuweerezaziteekebwawo okuziyiza okulemererwa kwa SSC/HIC, kale ekiragiro kirina okunnyonnyola payipu nga asour service payipu ebintu package-si OD/WT ne grade zokka. Mu nkola, ekiragiro ky’okugula kirina okulaga bulungi nti:

• Omutindo ogufuga omukaawa:NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 (n’ekitundu ki ekikwata), nga kwogasse n’ebikwata ku muddukanya/kampuni yonna.
• Envulopu y’obuweereza (omusingi gw’okulonda):ppH2S (oba H2S composition + total pressure), pH, ebbugumu, chlorides, n’okumanya oba amazzi ag’obwereere galiwo.
• Obunene bw’okufuga ebintu:chemistry control (incl. cleanliness/inclusions), ekkubo ly’okukola ebyuma nga bwe kyetaagisa mu spec, ekkubo ly’okulongoosa ebbugumu, n’omusingi gw’okufuga obugumu.
• Okugezesa okukaawa (bwe kyetaagisa okusinziira ku spec):Ebisaanyizo bya HIC / SSC, emirundi gy’okutwala sampuli, n’emitendera gy’okukkiriza.
• PSL / ebyetaago eby’okugattako:okugeza, API 5L PSL2 n'ebyetaago eby'okugatta ku mpeereza enkaawa- we kiba kituufu.
• Weld/HAZ control (singa payipu welded ekkirizibwa):weld seam NDT scope n’ebyetaago byonna eby’obugumu/ebisaanyizo ebijuliziddwa pulojekiti ITP.

Engeri Octal Pipe gy'ewagira okugula empeereza enkaawa-:Octal Pipe mu bujjuvu etandikira ku...envulopu y’obuweerezan’oluvannyuma n’azimba okwekenneenya-ekipapula ekyetegefu okukyetooloola-okukakasa oba payipu ya layini y’ekyuma kya kaboni ekkirizibwa oba oba okulongoosa (okufuga obugumu okunywevu, okugezesa ebisaanyizo ebikakali, CRA/clad/lining) kwetaagibwa okukkirizibwa. Ku biwandiiko ebiweereddwayo mu EPC, tusobola okuwaayo alot-esinziira ku maapu y'okulondoola(ebbugumu/koyilo → obubonero bwa payipu → ebiwandiiko by’okugezesa), n’okukwataganya ebiwandiiko ebiteekeddwawo (MTC + lipoota z’okukebera/okugezesa) ku ITP ya pulojekiti kale okwekenneenya okw’ekikugu kwa kasitoma n’okufulumya ebintu bireme kulwawo olw’enkolagana ezibula.

Empeereza enkaawa Ekitundu 3 (Ekikaawa eky’amaanyi) .

Ebimu ku bipande by’abakozi bigabanya obuzibu bw’obukaawa mu bitundu;Ekitundu 3kitera okukozesebwa okukiikiriraobuweereza obukaawa obw’amaanyiku bifaananyi bya pH vs ppH2S. Mu Region 3, abaguzi batera okunyweza ekkubo ly’ebintu n’obuwanvu bw’ebisaanyizo (okufuga okukaluba + okugezesebwa okukaawa + ebiwandiiko ebikakali) kubanga emigabo gya SSC mitono

Okulonda payipu y'empeereza enkaawa-kutera okutandikibwawo aenvulopu y’emirimu epimibwa-ppH2S, pH, chlorides, ebbugumu, n’omutendera gw’amazzi-okusinga akabonero ka pulojekiti. Ensonga zino wammanga zinnyonnyola...embeera z’ennimiro entuufuezivuga akabi ka SSC/HIC n’ebyetaago by’okugula.

• Gaasi ya puleesa eya waggulu-erina "ppm ey'ekigero" H2S (ppH2S-obuzibu obuvugibwa):

H2S ppm y’emu esobola okufuuka ey’amaanyi nga puleesa yonna eri waggulu, n’esika ppH2S mu kitundu nga SSC margins zikendeera. Pulojekiti zitera okunywezebwaokufuga obukalubaera zeetaaga obujulizi obukaawa obw’ebisaanyizo okusinga okwesigama ku linnya ly’ekibiina lyokka.

• Gaasi omubisi / okukulukuta kwa mitendera mingi nga mulimu amazzi ag’obwereere + klorayidi:

Ekitundu ky’amazzi bwe kibaawo (okufuumuuka, amazzi agakoleddwa, oba embeera ezitabuse), klorayidi ne pH entono byongera ku kuyingira kwa haidrojeni n’emirimu gy’okukulukuta. Okugula kutera okulagaOkufuga/okugezesa HIC (bwe kiba kyetaagisa) .n’ebyetaago ebitegeerekeka obulungi eby’obuyonjo bw’ebintu.

• Embeera za pH entono-pH okuva mu CO2 + amazzi (carbonic acid), nga H2S eriwo:

CO2 asaanuuse mu mazzi akola asidi wa kaboni era ayanguyiza okukulukuta; ne H2S entono esobola okukyusa mode y'okulemererwa okudda ku SSC/HIC. Abaguzi batera okwongerakookukkiriza okukakali ku kuziyiza okukaawanga kwogasse n’okusalawo kw’okusasula/okusiiga/okusiiga okukulukuta okusibiddwa ku lipoota y’amazzi.

• Okuvuga obugaali bw’ebbugumu n’okuggala/okutandika okutambula:

"Okulemererwa" kungi kuvugibwa ebiseera ebiseera ebikola: okukyukakyuka kw'ebbugumu, okutambula kwa puleesa, n'ebiseera by'okufukirira/okukala. Ebikwata ku nsonga eno bitera okunywezebwaokufuga weld/HAZ, kubanga entikko z’obugumu n’ebisengejja situleesi mu kitundu bifuuka bikulu nnyo wansi w’okuvuga obugaali.

• Okukwatibwa ku nnyanja/ku lubalama lw’ennyanja n’okufuuyira omunnyo + okuvuga obugaali obubisi–obukalu (nga kwogasse n’emikutu emikaawa):

Embeera ey’ebweru eyongera okunyigirizibwa kw’okukulukuta (omunnyo, obunnyogovu, ebitundu ebifuumuuka) waggulu w’akabi k’obukaawa obw’omunda. Okugula kutera okugatta ebisaanyizo by’ebisaanyizo ebikaawa ne...enkola y’okusiiga + okukkiriza okukebera(emisingi gy’ennaku enkulu, enkola y’okuddaabiriza).

• Amazzi agakola asidi agalimu obucaafu (H2S, NH3, CO2, chlorides):

Layini z'okulongoosa/eddagala zisobola okulaba obucaafu obutabuliddwamu n'ebivuga ebikulukuta mu kitundu, ekikyusa okusalawo okuva ku "payipu ya layini eya mutindo" okudda ku "ebintu ebisaana okuweereza-envulopu." Ebyetaago bitera okufuuka ebiwandiiko-ebizito:obuwanvu bw’ebisaanyizo obutegeerekeka obulungi, omusingi gw’obukaluba, n’okukola maapu y’okulondoola.

Octal Pipe weetegereze:Mu kubuuza ku mpeereza okukaawa-, Octal Pipe etera okutandika n’okukakasa envulopu y’obuweereza (ppH2S/pH/ebbugumu/chlorides/omutendera gw’amazzi) n’oluvannyuma n’ekwataganya ekkubo ly’ebintu, obuwanvu bw’okugezesa (bwe kirambikiddwa), n’ekipapula ky’ebiwandiiko ku mutindo ogufuga kale okulonda kwekenneenya-kwetegefu-tekuteebereza kukola.

Okugula empeereza enkaawa-kutera okumenyeka mu bifo bibiri bye bimu:okwekenneenya eby’ekikugu(obunene tebunnategeerekeka) eraokufulumya omukutu(obujulizi tebukola maapu ku payipu). Octal Pipe ekwata empeereza enkaawa nga ekifugibwa, okwekenneenya-ekipapula ekyetegefu ezimbiddwa okuva muenvulopu y’obuweereza-ppH2S, pH, ebbugumu, klorayidi, n’omutendera gw’amazzi-kale ekkubo ly’ebintu, obuwanvu bw’okugezesa, n’ebiwandiiko bikwatagana nga okufulumya tekunnatandika.

Ebyokulabirako by'ensi entuufu-eby'enkola eno gy'ekekkereza obudde n'okuddamu okukola:

• Eky'okulabirako 1 - "ppm eringa ya kigero," puleesa egifuula ey'amaanyi:

Lipoota y’amazzi eyinza okugambaH2S=1,000 ppm, ekiyinza okulabika ng’ekiddukanyizibwa ku kusooka okulaba. Naye singa layini ekola ku puleesa eya waggulu,...Puleesa ya H2S ey’ekitundu (ppH2S) .asobola okutambuza empeereza mu nfuga enkaawa esingako okusaba. Mu mbeera zino, bannannyini byo batera okunyweza ebisaanyizo ku...okufuga obukaluban’omusingi gw’ebisaanyizo wansi wa MR0175/ISO 15156 (oba spec y’omukozi). Octal Pipe ekuba bendera eno nga bukyali era n'ekyusa lipoota ya kemiko mu kifo ky'okugula ekiyinza okuyita mu kwekenneenya-okusinga okuleka okukubaganya ebirowoozo okuvaayo ekikeerezi nga "ebyetaago ebikaawa ebitasuubirwa."

• Ekyokulabirako 2 - ggaasi ennyogovu / amazzi agakoleddwa + kloroyidi akyusa engeri y’okulemererwa:

Amazzi ag'obwereere bwe gabaawo era nga chlorides nnyingi, akabi kakyuka okuva ku "general corrosion" okuddaSSC/HIC okuwuliziganya, era pulojekiti eyinza okwetaagisaOkugezesebwa kwa HIC/SSC(oba emisingi egy’enjawulo egy’okukkiriza) mu kifo ky’ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku kugoberera eby’enjawulo. Octal Pipe ekwataganya enteekateeka y’ebintu n’okugezesa ku ITP upfront kale akalulu kasobole okufulumizibwa ku bujulizi obuwandiikiddwa okusinga okutaputa case-by-case.

Octal Pipe ky’etuusa ku pulojekiti z’obuweereza obukaawa-(eziwulirwa, si za bulijjo):

• Okulonda ebintu ebikulemberwa empeereza-envulopu-:Payipu ya layini enkaawa ey’ekyuma kya kaboni nga ekkirizibwa, ng’erina ebifuga ebyetaagisa; era envulopu bw’eba esaba, Octal Pipe esobola okuteesa ku nnongoosereza ngaokufuga obugumu okunywevu, obuwanvu bw’ebisaanyizo obukakali, oba CRA/clad/lining optionsokugogola okwekenneenya kwa nnannyini/EPC.
• Obujulizi bw’ebisaanyizo n’okukebera obukwatagana ne PO/ITP:Okugezesa HIC/SSC nga kirambikiddwa, UT/NDT buli bunene bwa pulojekiti, n'enkola ezifugibwa okuweta/HAZ we kisoboka-kale okukkiriza empeereza enkaawa-kuwagirwa ebiwandiiko.
• Okulondoola okuwonawo mu butuufu bw’ekifo:Lot-based mapping eyungaebbugumu/koyilo → okussaako obubonero ku payipu → ebiwandiiko by’okugezesa → MTC, okukendeeza ku kulwawo kw'empeereza okusinga okukaawa-: "payipu etuusiddwa naye tefulumiziddwa" olw'enkolagana ezibula mu biwandiiko.

Tuukirira kati

Ebibuuzo ebibuuzibwa

 

 

Q: Sour service kitegeeza ki mu payipu z’amafuta ne ggaasi?

A:Empeereza enkaawa kitegeeza embeera y’emirimu (ppH2S, pH, ebbugumu, chlorides, n’ekitundu ky’amazzi) esobola okuvuga okwonooneka okwekuusa ku haidrojeni-ngaSSC/HIC, kale ebintu n’okukkiriza birina okugobereraMR0175 / ISO 15156. Enkola y’okukozesa enkola ya ISO 15156ebyetaago.

Q: Empeereza enkaawa H2S ppm - ppm emala okusalawo obuzibu?

A:Nedda.Obuzibu butera okwekenneenyezebwaPuleesa ya H2S ey’ekitundu (ppH2S) ., si ppm yokka; screen ey’omugaso erippH2S=(ekitundu kya molekyu ya H2S) × (puleesa yonna) ..

Q: Biki ebyetaagisa mu bintu ebikaawa eby’okuweereza ku bintu ebikaawa eby’okuweereza payipu?

A:A sour-service PO erina okulaga omutindo ogufuga (MR0175/ISO 15156), theenvulopu y’obuweereza(ppH2S/pH/T/chlorides/amazzi), n’ebifuga ebyetaagisa ngaekkomo ku bugumuneOkugezesebwa kwa HIC/SSCbwe kirambikiddwa.

Q: Biki ebyetaagisa mu kuweta empeereza enkaawa?

A:Ebyetaago bya sour service welding essira balitadde ku kufugaobugumu bwa weld/HAZ(ebiseera ebisinga nga bayita mu bifuga WPS/PQR nga okuyingiza ebbugumu n’enkola ya haidrojeni eya wansi-hayidirojeni) n’okukola okukakasa obukaluba nga kyetaagisa pulojekiti ITP/spec okukendeeza ku bulabe bwa SSC.

Ebiwandiiko ebikakasa

 

Satifikeeti ya CE

Satifikeeti ya ISO 9001

Ebbaluwa ya API Q1

Satifikeeti ya ABS

Satifikeeti ya AP-5L

Satifikeeti ya API-5CT

 

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